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The Uranometria, published in 1603 by the German lawyer Johann Bayer, opened a new age in the history of celestial cartography. ...
Uranometria also introduced the Bayer designations, which are still used today. Related category • ASTRONOMICAL CATALOGS Also on this site: ... www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/U/Uranometria.html - 9
27 Jan 2009 ... Uranometria is the short title of a star atlas produced by Johann Bayer. It was published in Augsburg, Germany, in 1603 by Christophorus ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranometria
Uranometria
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Jump to: navigation, search Uranometria's engraving of the constellation Orion, courtesy of the US Naval Observatory Library Uranometria is the short title of a star atlas produced by Johann Bayer. It was published in Augsburg, Germany, in 1603 by Christophorus Mangus under the full title Uranometria : omnium asterismorum continens schemata, nova methodo delineata, aereis laminis expressa. This translates to "Uranometria, containing charts of all the constellations, drawn by a new method and engraved on copper plates". The word "Uranometria" derives from Urania, Muse of the heavens and "uranos" (oυρανός) the Greek word for sky / heavens. A literal translation of "Uranometria" is "Measuring the Sky" (to be compared with "Geometry"-"Geometria" in Greek, literally translated to "Measuring the Earth"). It was the first atlas to cover the entire celestial sphere. The pages of Uranometria were originally engraved on copper plates by Alexander Mair (ca 1562-1617). It contained 51 star charts. The first 48 pages represent the 48 Ptolemaic constellations. The 49th page introduces 12 new constellations in the deep southern sky which were unknown to Ptolemy. The final two charts are planispheres labeled "Synopsis coeli superioris borea" and "Synopsis coeli inferioris austrina," or (roughly), "Overview of the northern hemisphere" and "Overview of the southern hemisphere." Each plate includes a grid for accurately determining the position of each star to fractions of a degree. The positions used by Bayer to create the Uranometria were taken from the expanded 1,005 star catalog of Tycho Brahe. Brahe's expanded list had circulated in manuscript since 1598 and was available in graphic form on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius, Hondius, and Willem Blaeu. It was first published in tabular form in Johannes Kepler's Tabulae Rudolphinae of 1627. The use of Brahe's catalog allowed for considerably better accuracy than Ptolemy's somewhat limited star listing. The stars listed in Uranometria total over 1,200, indicating that Brahe's catalog was not the only source of information used. Bayer took the southern star positions and constellation names for the 49th plate from the catalog of Dutch navigator Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser, who corrected the older observations of Amerigo Vespucci and Andrea Corsali, as well as the report of Pedro de Medina. Uranometria contains many more stars than did any previous star atlas, though the exact number is disputed as not all stars on the charts are labeled. Each of the constellations' stars are overlayed on an engraved image of the subject of the constellation. For reasons unknown, many of the human constellations are engraved as figures seen from behind whereas they had traditionally been rendered as facing the Earth. This oddity led to some confusion in the literal meanings of certain star names (e.g. the origins of several named stars refer specifically to "right shoulder" and the like, which would be incorrect given Uranometria's illustrations). Uranometria introduced the Bayer star designations, which are still used today. It also introduced several of the modern constellations. [edit] The title page engraving The title page, courtesy of the US Naval Observatory Library The engraved title page of Uranometria features an architectural motif with the full title in the center. On pedastals to either side stand figures of Ptolemy and Hercules. Inscriptions in the pedestals read, "Atlanti uetustiss astronom magistro" ("Atlas the earliest teacher of astronomy") and "Herculi uetustiss astronom discipulo" ("Hercules the earliest student of astronomy"). Across the top of the title page are engraved several additional figures. In the upper left is Apollo. Top center is Eternity with a crown of stars and two lions on leashes. Upper right is Diana with a cape of stars. Beneath the title banner is a figure of Capricorn and beneath that a view of Augsburg.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_atlas Star cartography
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"Uranography" redirects here. For other uses, see Uranography (disambiguation).
Title page of the Coelum Stellatum Christianum by Julius Schiller. Star cartography[citation needed], celestial cartography,[1] or uranography[2][3] is the fringe of astronomy and branch of cartography concerned with mapping stars, galaxies, and other celestial bodies. Measuring the position and light of charted objects requires a variety of instruments and techniques that have developed from angle measurements with quadrants and the unaided eye, through sextants combined with lenses for light magnification, up to current methods which include computer automated space telescopes. Uranographers have historically produced planetary position tables, star tables and star maps for use by both amateur and professional astronomers. More recently computerized star maps have been compiled, and automated positioning of telescopes is accomplished using databases of stars and other astronomical objects.
The word "uranography" derived from the Greek ουρανογραφια (Koine Greek ουρανος [IPA: uːra'nos], "sky, heaven" + γραφειν [IPA: gra'pʰiːn] "to write") through the Latin uranographia. In renaissance times, uranographia was used of the title of celestial atlases.[4][5][6] During 19th century, uranography was meaning of the description of the heavens. Elijah H. Burritt renamed it as the geography of the heavens.[7] German in Uranographie, French in uranographie, Italian in uranografia. [edit] Astrometry
Main article: Astrometry
A determining fact source for drawing star charts are naturally star tables. This is apparent when comparing the imaginative "star maps" of Poeticon Astronomicon – illustrations beside a narrative text from the antiquity – to the star maps of Johann Bayer based on precise star position measurements from the Rudolphine Tables by Tycho Brahe. [edit] Important historical star tables
[edit] Naked eye atlases A Chinese star map with cylindrical projection similar to Mercator projection, from Su Song's book Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao published in 1092.
[edit] In fiction
See also: Galaxy class starship (Star Trek) and Intrepid class starship
The term Stellar cartography was used in Star Trek: The Next Generation as the name of a department aboard the Starship Enterprise-D. It was also used in Star Trek: Voyager as the name of the department aboard the Starship Voyager. In both cases, the department was a subsection of the ship's science department, and, as the name would suggest, its responsibilities include charting previously-uncharted regions of space as the ship passes through them, as well as operating the ship's astrometrics lab(s); in practice, at least on Voyager, this meant that Stellar Cartography was responsible for all sensor data collection and analysis other than for ship operations (navigation, cursory ship/planet scans, transporter operation, etc.) or combat. [edit] Notes
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Almagest is the Latin form of the Arabic name (الكتاب المجسطي, al-kitabu-l-mijisti, i.e. “The Great Book”) of a mathematical and astronomical treatise ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagest
Showcase for a unique, upmarket clock, with the sun moon and planets moving accurately through the signs of the zodiac. Also an information resource for ... www.almagest.co.uk
The main desire of Ptolemy in writing his Almagest is to explain and account ... Yet, overall, the Almagest manages to recapture the magic and wonder of the ... www.amazon.com/Ptolemys-Almagest-Ptolemy
Rishi
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A rishi (ṛṣi) denotes a poet-sage through whom the Vedic hymns flowed, credited also as divine scribes. According to post-Vedic tradition the rishi is a "seer" or "shaman" to whom the Vedas were "originally revealed" through states of higher consciousness. The rishis rose into prominence when Hinduism was in its early flowering, perhaps as far back as four thousand years ago. It is generally agreed upon that some of the very greatest of the ancient rishis were in fact women.[1] According to the Sarvanukramanika text, there were as many as 20 women among the authors of the Rig Veda. A female rishi is known as a rishika.[2]
"As the rishis described it, awareness begins in an unbounded state with pure consciousness and then cascades, plane by plane, until it reaches the physical world. That each level is within you, and the choice of boundaries - or unboundedness - is yours alone. Therefore journeys to heaven and hell are daily occurrences, not far-off possibilities." [3]
In Indian tradition, the word has been derived from the two roots 'rsh'. Sanskrit grammarians (cf. Commentary on Unādi-Sutra, iv, 119) derive this word from the second root which means (1) 'to go, move' (- Dhatupāth of Pānini, xxviii). V. S. Apte [6] gives this particular meaning and derivation, and Monier-Williams[7] also gives the same, with some qualification. Another form of this root means (2) 'to flow, to move near by flowing'. (All the meanings and derivations cited above are based upon Sanskrit English Dictionary of Monier-Williams)[8]. Monier-Williams also quotes Tārānātha who compiled the great (Sanskrit-to-Sanskrit) dictionary named "ṛṣati jñānena saṃsāra-pāram" (i.e., one who reaches beyond this mundane world by means of spiritual knowledge). Manfred Mayrhofer in his Etymological Dictionary (I 261) prefers a connection to either ṛṣ "pour, flow" (PIE *h1ers), Rishi symbolizes intelligence and wisdom. The root has a close Avestan cognate ərəšiš (Yasna 31.5; cf. 40.4) "an ecstatic" (see also Yurodivy, Vates). However, the Indo-European dictionary of Julius Pokorny connects the word to a PIE root *h3er-s meaning "rise, protrude", in the sense of "excellent, egregious". Monier-Williams tentatively suggests derivation from drś "to see"[1]. Monier-Williams also quotes Hibernian (Irish) form 'arsan' (a sage, a man old in wisdom) and 'arrach' (old, ancient, aged) as related to rishi. In Sanskrit, forms of the root 'rish' become 'arsh-' in many words, e.g., arsh. Monier-Williams also conjectures that the root 'drish' (to see) might have given rise to an obsolete root 'rish' meaning 'to see'. [edit] Other usesIn Carnatic Music, Rishi is the seventh chakra (group) of Melakarta ragas. The names of chakras are based on the numbers associated with each name. In this case, there are seven rishis and hence the 7th chakra is Rishi. [9] [10] [edit] "Seer" of the VedasIn the Vedas, the word denotes an inspired poet of Ṛgvedic hymns, who alone or with others invokes the deities with poetry of a sacred character. In particular, Ṛṣi refers to the authors of the hymns of the Rigveda. Post-Vedic tradition regards the Rishis as "sages" or saints, constituting a peculiar class of divine human beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from Asuras, Devas and mortal men. The main rishis recorded in the Brahmanas and the Rigveda-Anukramanis include Gritsamada, Vishvamitra, Vamadeva, Atri, Bharadvaja, Vasishta, Angiras, Kaṇva. Seven Rishis (the Saptarshi) are often mentioned in the Brahmanas and later works as typical representatives of the character and spirit of the pre-historic or mythical period; in Shatapatha Brahmana 14.5.2.6 (Brhad Aranyaka Upanisad), their names are Uddālaka Āruni (also called Gautama), Bharadvaja, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Vasishtha, Kashyapa, and Atri. Daksha, Bhrigu and Nārada were also added to the saptarshis riṣis in Āshvalāyana-Shrauta-Sutra, where these ten principals were created by the first Manu (Svāyambhuva Manu) for producing everyone else. In Mahabharata 12, on the other hand, there is the post-Vedic list of Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya and Vasishtha. The Mahābhārata list explicitly refers to the saptarshis of the first manvantara (cf. SED by Monier-Williams) and not to those of the present manvantara. Each manvantara had a unique set of saptarshi. In Harivamsha 417ff, the names of the Rishis of each manvantara are enumerated. In addition to the Saptarṣi, there are other classifications of sages. In descending order of precedence, they are Brahmarshi , Maharshi, Rajarshi. Devarṣi, Paramrṣi, Shrutarṣi and Kvndarṣi are added in Manusmriti iv-94 and xi-236 and in two dramas of Kālidasa. The Chaturvarga-Chintāmani of Hemādri puts 'riṣi' at the seventh place in the eight-fold division of Brāhmanas. Amarakosha [11] (the famous Sanskrit synonym lexicon compiled by Amarasimha) mentions seven types of riṣis : Shrutarshi, Kāndarshi, Paramarshi, Maharshi, Rājarshi, Brahmarshi and Devarshi. Amarakosha strictly distinguishes Rishi from other types of sages, such as sanyāsi, bhikṣu, parivrājaka, tapasvi, muni, brahmachāri, yati, etc. [edit] AstronomyIn Hindu astronomy, the Saptarṣi form the constellation of Ursa Major (e. g. RV 10.82.2 and 10.109.4 ; AV 60.40.1.), which are distinct from Dhruva (Polaris). [edit] Notes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi RISHI ETYMOLOGY The word's etymology is unknown. It has an Avestan cognate ərəšiš (Yasna 31.5) "an ecstatic" (see also Yurodivy, Vates). Monier-Williams tentatively suggests derivation from drś "to see"(1) and he also compares Old Irish arsan, "a sage, a man old in wisdom". Manfred Mayrhofer in his Etymological Dictionary prefers a connection to either (omitted) "pour, flow" (PIE) *h1ers), or to ras "yell". In the Vedas, the word denotes a singer of sacred hymns, an inspired poet or sage, or any person who alone or with others invokes the deities in rhythmical speech or song of a sacred character. In particular, it refers to the authors of the hymns of the Rigveda, e.g. Kutsa, Atri, Rebha, Agastya,Kushika, Vasishtha, Vyashva. Later generations regarded the Rishis as patriarchal sages or saints, occupying the same position in India history as the heroes and patriarchs of other countries, constituting a peculiar class of beings in the early mythical system, as distinct from Asuras, Devas and mere mortal men. Seven Rishis (the Saptarshi) are often mentioned in the Brahmanas and later works as typical representatives of the character and spirit of the pre-historic or mythical period; in Shatapatha Brahmana 14.5.2.6, their names are Gautama, Bharadvaja, Vishvamitra, Jamadagni, Vasishtha, Kashyapa, and Atri. In Mahabharata 12, on the other hand, Marici, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya and Vasishtha. In addition to the Saptarshi, there are other classifications of sages. In descending order of precedence, they are Brahmarshi, Maharshi, Rajarshi. In Vedic astronomy, the Saptarshi form the constellation of Ursa Maior (e. g. RV 10.82.2; AV. 60.40.1. Metaphorically the Saptarshi may stand for the seven senses or the seven vital airs of the body. "Seven Rishis (the Saptarshi) are often mentioned in the Brahmanas" "In Vedic astronomy, the Saptarshi form the constellation of Ursa Maior" "Saptarshi may stand for the seven senses or the seven vital airs of the body"
SAPTARSHI A STAR SHIP A STAR SHIP SAPTARSHI
SAPTARSHI A PAST RISHA PAST RISH SAPTARSHI
The Saptarshi (सप्तर्षि saptarṣi a Sanskrit dvigu meaning "seven sages") are the seven rishis who are extolled at many places in the Vedas and Hindu ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saptarshi Saptarshi From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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The Saptarshi (सप्तर्षि saptarṣi a Sanskrit dvigu meaning "seven sages") are the seven rishis who are extolled at many places in the Vedas and Hindu literature. The Vedic Samhitas never actually enumerate these rishis by name, though later Vedic texts such as the Brahmanas and Upanisads do so. They are regarded in the Vedas as the patriarchs of the Vedic religion. The Big Dipper asterism is also called Saptarshi. The earliest list of the Seven Rishis is given by Jaiminiya Brahmana 2.218-221: Vasiṣṭha, Bharadvāja, Jamadagni, Gotama, Atri, Viśvāmitra, and Agastya, followed by Brihadaranyaka Upanisad 2.2.6 with a slightly different list: Gotama and Bharadvāja, Viśvāmitra and Jamadagni, Vasiṣṭha and Kaśyapa, and Atri. The late Gopatha Brāhmana 1.2.8 has Vasiṣṭha, Viśvāmitra, Jamadagni, Gotama, Bharadvāja, Guṅgu, Agastya, and Kaśyapa. In post-Vedic texts, different lists appear; some of these rishis were recognized as the mind born sons of Brahma, the representation of the Supreme Being as Creator. Other representations are Mahesha or Shiva as the Destroyer and Vishnu as the Preserver. Since these seven rishis were also among the primary eight rishis, who were considered to be the ancestors of the Gotras of Brahmins, the birth of these rishis was mythicized. Many of the rishis listed below are the ancestors of the Gotras. edit] Names of the SaptarshisIn post-Vedic religion, Manvantara is the period of astronomical time within an aeon or Kalpa, a "day (day only) of Brahma"; like the present Śveta Vārāha Kalpa, where again 14 Manvantaras add up to create one Kalpa. Each Manvantara is ruled by a specific Manu, apart from that all the deities, including Vishnu and Indra; Rishis and their sons are born anew in each new Manvantara, the Vishnu Purana mentions up to seventh Manvantara [1]. Marichi, Atri, Angiras, Pulaha, Kratu, Pulastya, and Vashishtha [1][2]. [edit] Second Manvantara - the interval of Swarochisha ManuUrja, Stambha, Prańa, Dattoli, Rishabha, Nischara, and Arvarívat. [edit] Third Manvantara - the interval of Auttami ManuSons of Vashishtha: Kaukundihi, Kurundi, Dalaya, Śankha, Praváhita, Mita, and Sammita. [edit] Fourth Manvantara - the interval of Támasa ManuJyotirdhama, Prithu, Kavya, Chaitra, Agni, Vanaka, and Pivara. [edit] Fifth Manvantara - the interval of Raivata ManuHirannyaroma, Vedasrí, Urddhabahu, Vedabahu, Sudhaman, Parjanya, and Mahámuni. [edit] Sixth Manvantara - the interval of Chakshusha ManuSumedhas, Virajas, Havishmat, Uttama, Madhu, Abhináman, and Sahishnnu. [edit] The present, seventh Manvantara - the interval of Vaivasvata ManuKashyapa, Atri, Vashishtha, Vishvamitra, Gautama, Jamadagni, Bharadvaja [2]. There are many contradictory lists of the names of the Saptarshis. These usually include Atri, Kashyapa and Vasishta, but the other four are varying. One such list is used in the Sandhyavandanam: Atri, Bhrigu, Kautsa, Vasishtha, Gautama, Kashyapa and Angirasa. Other lists include Vishwamitra and Jamadagni. The exact list of saptarshis are not perfectly known as it is supposed that the astral links to the hierarchy were lost in medieval India due to the effects of Kaliyuga. In Hindu astronomy the seven stars of the Saptarshi Mandal or Big Dipper or Ursa Major are named as
Vasishtha is accompanied by his wife the faint companion star Arundhati (Alcor/80 Ursa Majoris). [edit] Saptarshis given in major Hindu texts1. The Satapata Brahmana and Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (2.2.4) acknowledge the names of seven rishis (or Saptarshis) as: 2. Krishna Yajurveda in the Sandhya-Vandana Mantras has it as: 3. Mahabharata gives the Seven Rishis’ names: etc. 4. Brihat Samhita gives the Seven Rishis’ names as:
The Kumarasambhava is one among the five Mahakavyas written by the famous poet Kalidasa. The kavya is about the birth of the War-God Subramanya(Muruga). The saptarshi play a very important role in the sixth canto of Kumarasambhava.Their greatness is explained well in the Paramesvaraprabhava. [edit] References
SANSKRIT DVIGU MEANING SEVEN SAGES THE SEVEN RISHIS THE SO EVEN SEVENTH HEAVEN SAGES GOSSAMER HEAVY GOSSAMER LIGHT GOSSAMER LIGHT GOSSAMER RIGHT
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishi WIKEPEDIA
RISHI n Vedic astronomy, the Saptarshi form the constellation of Ursa Major (e. g. RV 10.82.2; AV. 60.40.1. Metaphorically the Saptarshi may stand for the seven senses or the seven vital airs of the body.
WISDOM OF THE EAST by Hari Prasad Shastri 1948 Page 8 "There is no such word in Sanscrita as 'Creation' applied to the universe. The Sanscrita word for Creation is Shristi, which means 'projection' Creation means to bring something into being out /Page 9/ of nothing, to create, as a novelist creates a character. There was no Miranda, for example, until Shakespeare created her. Similarly the ancient Indians (this term is innacurately used as there was no India at that time). who were our ancestors long, long ago. used a word for creation that means 'projection'
Bhagavad-Gita, iv, 5. SRI KRISHNA’S REMEMBERING ‘Many lives, Arjuna, you and I have lived, I remember them all, but thou dost not.’
THE LIGHT IS RISING NOW RISING IS THE LIGHT
NUMBER 9 THE SEARCH FOR THE SIGMA CODE Cecil Balmond 1998 Page 32 5
THE BALANCING ONE TWO THREE FOUR FIVE NINE EIGHT SEVEN SIX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ALWAYS BALANCING IS THAT FIVE THAT FIVE IS BALANCING ALWAYS
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